The article presents theoretical opinions on the problem of health protection of offenders who are brought to justice. It shows especially its institutional aspect. The author tries to show it from the viewpoints presented by social sciences, criminology and medical sciences, which become a starting point for the analysis and in a further perspective – for the research on some theoretical models. The author compares the institutions existing in Poland with those from Old Western Europe. He describes their different kinds and shows possible directions of such institutions development. To summarize all, the author formulates some more general remarks. The issue of health care for jurisdiction “clients” became significant in Western Europe after World War II. It remains an integral part of the social and penal policy of the EU member countries. Poland seems to be a bit behind, however in recent years a clear progress in the development of societal sector has been observed.

Key words: European Union, justice, medico-social institutions, convicts’ health care.